![]() ![]() For example, glucose (C6H12O6) cannot be broken down into simpler carbohydrates by simple hydrolysis, so it is classified as a monosaccharide, that is, a single, discrete carbohydrate compound. One way to broadly classify carbohydrates is to identify them as either mono- (one), di- (two), oligo- (a few) or poly- (many) saccharides. ![]() But this is a very general term since there are many different types of carbohydrate compounds. Thus, glucose was originally referred to as a hydrated form of carbon-a carbohydrate. Another way of looking at the formula for glucose is C6(H2O)6, that is, six carbon atoms and six water molecules. We know that plants make glucose (C6H12O6) by photosynthesis using light, water (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). We will finish the chapter with a brief, general review of amino acid nomenclature and structure with emphasis on the key amino acids that will be used throughout the remainder of the text. ![]() In this chapter, we will present an abbreviated overview of the components of carbohydrate structure and metabolism sufficient for our purposes going forward, with a schematic flowchart showing how carbohydrates and amino acids are modified, combined, and branched off in various ways to yield the distinct set of biosynthetic pathways that will form the core of the remainder of the text. These and other crucial construction materials such as the acyl group in acetyl-CoA are all ultimately derived from carbohydrates. We have already seen that some of the basic building blocks used in the biosynthesis of natural products are amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and others. ![]()
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